MSHA DATABASEMSHA records · 17 contributing sources · snapshot Oct 13, 2026

MINE DETAILS

RIVER VIEW MINE

ActiveUndergroundCoal (Bituminous)
MSHA MINE ID1519374
LOCATIONUnion, KY
PUBLIC RECORD97,826 linked rows

LOCATION

Mine location

1 of 1 mine with usable MSHA coordinates. Select a marker to open a mine.

Mine coordinates

2025-01-01 – 2026-10-13Applies to production, safety and portfolio metrics. Silica samples have separate filters.

Violations

550

119 significant & substantial (S&S)

  1. 2025 Q1103
  2. 2025 Q2111
  3. 2025 Q3111
  4. 2025 Q475
  5. 2026 Q144
  6. 2026 Q245
  7. 2026 Q356
  8. 2026 Q4 *5

Accident records

73

0 records classified as fatality

  1. 2025 Q110
  2. 2025 Q216
  3. 2025 Q320
  4. 2025 Q412
  5. 2026 Q14
  6. 2026 Q27
  7. 2026 Q34
  8. 2026 Q4 *0

Proposed penalties · USD

184,889.00

509 of 550 violations with amounts

  1. 2025 Q141,346
  2. 2025 Q239,256
  3. 2025 Q339,218
  4. 2025 Q425,437
  5. 2026 Q115,634
  6. 2026 Q219,670
  7. 2026 Q34,328
  8. 2026 Q4 *—

On-site inspection hours

8,524.25

67 inspections · 67 with hours

  1. 2025 Q11,528.75
  2. 2025 Q21,527.00
  3. 2025 Q31,543.50
  4. 2025 Q41,159.00
  5. 2026 Q11,062.00
  6. 2026 Q2823.25
  7. 2026 Q3867.75
  8. 2026 Q4 *13.00
Quarterly safety data
QuarterViolationsS&SProposed USDAccident recordsFatality recordsInspectionsOn-site hours
2025-Q11032241,346.00100101,528.8
2025-Q21112539,256.0016081,527.0
2025-Q31112139,218.0020081,543.5
2025-Q4751625,437.00120111,159.0
2026-Q1441215,634.0040101,062.0
2026-Q245819,670.007010823.3
2026-Q356134,328.00409867.8
2026-Q4 *52—00113.0

Most cited CFR sections

All violations issued in the selected period. Counts combine subsections.

Safety activity

  1. violation5044322

    75.1107-4(c)

  2. violation5044321

    75.517 · S&S

  3. violation5044320

    75.342(a)(4) · S&S

  4. violation5044319

    75.342(a)(4)

  5. violation9760837

    75.202(a)

  6. inspectionF042889

    Regular Safety and Health Inspection · 13.0 on-site hours

  7. inspection7040707

    103(i) Spot Inspections · 8.0 on-site hours

  8. violation9760836

    75.220(a)(1)

  9. inspectionF02248E

    Roof Control Technical Investigation · 19.5 on-site hours

  10. violation5044317

    75.512

  11. inspection7040706

    103(i) Spot Inspections · 8.0 on-site hours

  12. accident220262580013

    SLIP OR FALL OF PERSON · DAYS AWAY FROM WORK ONLY

    Accident narrative

    at the first intersection off of the cage the scoop operator slipped on the wet bottom as they turned the corner. The scoop operator fell to the ground landing on their left arm, causing a fracture. Started missing work on 09/10/2026.

  13. violation5044634

    75.604(b) · S&S

  14. violation5044633

    75.604(b) · S&S

  15. violation5044632

    75.517 · S&S

  16. violation5044631

    75.517 · S&S

  17. violation9760830

    75.202(a)

  18. violation5044630

    75.604(b) · S&S

  19. violation5044629

    75.370(a)(1)

  20. violation5044316

    75.1714-6

  21. violation5044315

    75.1107-16-b

  22. violation5044628

    75.517 · S&S

  23. violation5048091

    75.1725(c) · S&S

  24. violation5044314

    50.10(d)

  25. inspection7040705

    Non-Injury Accident Investigation · 18.0 on-site hours

Safety sources and definitions

MSHA Violations (issue date), Accidents (accident date), and Inspections (begin date). Snapshot 2026-10-13.

Counts describe published rows, including contractor records; accident records are not distinct incidents or numbers of people injured.

Zero means no matching records in the imported sources, not proof of no events. Historical coverage differs by source; absence before a source begins reporting is not a zero incident rate. Invalid or absent dates and records after the snapshot are excluded.

S&S means SIG_SUB=Y. Fatality records use DEGREE_INJURY_CD=01. Proposed penalties are not final assessed or paid amounts; missing dollar values are omitted.

Inspection hours are SUM_TOTAL_ON_SITE_HOURS attributed to the inspection start date, without supervisor/trainee hours. Missing hours are omitted; a started inspection may still be open.

Portfolio totals use current mine membership, including events before the current owner or operator's tenure.

CFR headings link to the current Title 30 index; they are not historical legal determinations.

Latest EIA month: 2026-07Source checked 2026-10-13 · publication lag differs from MSHA.

REPORTED RECEIPTS · SHORT TONS8,535,967237 rows · 7 receiving plants
HEAT CONTENT · BTU/LB11,395Weighted by reported tons
SULFUR / ASH · % BY WEIGHT2.99 / 9.15Separate averages over measured receipts
DELIVERED COST · USD/TON57.3398.9% of reported tons have usable costs
Quarterly receipts and quality
QuarterShort tonsHeat · Btu/lbSulfur %Ash %Delivered USD/ton
2025-Q3 *1,417,57211,4252.959.2957.30
2025-Q42,071,41311,4012.999.1558.25
2026-Q11,853,71111,3872.999.0756.21
2026-Q22,462,47111,3853.009.1257.13
2026-Q3 *730,80011,3773.009.1958.37
Month / sourceReceiving plant / supplierShort tonsDelivered USD/tonHeat · Btu/lbSulfur %Ash %PurchaseTransport
2026-07EIA row 11475 · preliminaryClifty Creek983 · IN · ALLIANCE COAL29,94761.7311,3643.019.30ContractBITRiver
2026-07EIA row 11477 · preliminaryClifty Creek983 · IN · ALLIANCE COAL43,14856.6411,4332.999.10ContractBITRiver
2026-07EIA row 11478 · preliminaryClifty Creek983 · IN · ALLIANCE COAL26,41265.7311,3493.059.30ContractBITRiver
2026-07EIA row 11546 · preliminaryGhent1356 · KY · ALLIANCE COAL44,87855.5311,3663.029.30ContractBITRiver
2026-07EIA row 11552 · preliminaryGhent1356 · KY · FORE LLC4,92547.6211,5762.778.80ContractBITRiver
2026-07EIA row 11553 · preliminaryGhent1356 · KY · ALLIANCE COAL23,54555.9011,3723.019.20ContractBITRiver
2026-07EIA row 11558 · preliminaryGhent1356 · KY · ALLIANCE COAL117,96956.0911,3453.039.30ContractBITRiver
2026-07EIA row 11564 · preliminaryMill Creek (KY)1364 · KY · ALLIANCE COAL18,40654.9011,3713.019.30ContractBITRiver
2026-07EIA row 11567 · preliminaryMill Creek (KY)1364 · KY · ALLIANCE COAL18,43855.0211,3633.029.20ContractBITRiver
2026-07EIA row 11782 · preliminaryMiami Fort2832 · OH · ALLIANCE COAL52,839—Not published11,3853.059.20SpotBITRiver
2026-07EIA row 11872 · preliminaryCumberland (TN)3399 · TN · ALLIANCE COAL99,06455.2411,4222.878.90ContractBITRiver
2026-07EIA row 12023 · preliminaryH L Spurlock6041 · KY · ALLIANCE COAL16,10060.3111,3753.029.20ContractBITRiver
2026-07EIA row 12024 · preliminaryH L Spurlock6041 · KY · ALLIANCE COAL37,64562.3111,3703.019.30ContractBITRiver
2026-07EIA row 12032 · preliminaryH L Spurlock6041 · KY · ALLIANCE COAL26,86266.8311,3703.049.30SpotBITRiver
2026-07EIA row 12036 · preliminaryH L Spurlock6041 · KY · ALLIANCE COAL67,14167.1911,3803.049.20SpotBITRiver
2026-07EIA row 12072 · preliminaryTrimble County6071 · KY · ALLIANCE COAL39,73954.9511,3593.039.20ContractBITRiver
2026-07EIA row 12076 · preliminaryTrimble County6071 · KY · ALLIANCE COAL28,75356.2011,3623.039.20ContractBITRiver
2026-07EIA row 12079 · preliminaryTrimble County6071 · KY · ALLIANCE COAL34,98956.1911,3613.049.20ContractBITRiver
2026-06EIA row 9586 · preliminaryClifty Creek983 · IN · ALLIANCE COAL99,92859.8411,3723.029.20ContractBITRiver
2026-06EIA row 9588 · preliminaryClifty Creek983 · IN · ALLIANCE COAL59,69654.7611,3903.029.10ContractBITRiver
2026-06EIA row 9589 · preliminaryClifty Creek983 · IN · ALLIANCE COAL37,82563.8411,3643.029.20ContractBITRiver
2026-06EIA row 9655 · preliminaryGhent1356 · KY · ALLIANCE COAL24,85654.4811,3743.049.20ContractBITRiver
2026-06EIA row 9661 · preliminaryGhent1356 · KY · FORE LLC4,93146.5711,5782.838.80ContractBITRiver
2026-06EIA row 9665 · preliminaryGhent1356 · KY · ALLIANCE COAL40,63155.3911,3833.019.10ContractBITRiver
2026-06EIA row 9667 · preliminaryGhent1356 · KY · ALLIANCE COAL120,72055.3911,3693.039.10ContractBITRiver
Coverage, sources and calculations
  • Reported coal receipts at EIA-923 power plants/terminals; this is not a census of mine shipments, exports or metallurgical sales.
  • Matches use only the published MSHA ID, normalized to seven digits. Unidentified mine origins remain in the source table but are not assigned to a mine.
  • Portfolio attribution uses current MSHA ownership, not ownership at the shipment date. Receipts and production can differ because of timing, stocks and coverage.
  • Quality means are weighted by positive reported tons with that measurement. Delivered cost uses only rows with published cost, positive heat and positive tons; missing/withheld costs are never zero-filled.
  • USD/ton = (cents/MMBtu ÷ 100) × MMBtu/ton. This is plant delivered cost, not mine sales price or revenue.
  • Receipt month is as published, including records supplied by annual respondents. Recent months are preliminary and subject to revision. Missing rows do not prove zero shipments.

Imported releases start 2008-01. This window includes 12 published months. EIA releases · Survey instructions

  • 2026 · preliminary · EIA923_Schedules_2_3_4_5_M_07_2026_21SEP2026.xlsx · Page 5 Fuel Receipts and Costs
  • 2025 · final · EIA923_Schedules_2_3_4_5_M_12_2025_Final.xlsx · Page 5 Fuel Receipts and Costs

Latest priced year: 2024Source checked 2026-10-13. Prices apply only to their calendar year.

FOB PRICE BENCHMARK · USD/TON—Published county average
ESTIMATED SALES · SHORT TONS—Allocated from published county sales
ESTIMATED COAL REVENUE · USD—Covered mines only · not reported revenue
ANNUAL PRODUCTION COVERED0.0%0 of 1 producing annual mine records
Mine / countyAnnual production · tonsCounty FOB · USD/tonEst. sales · tonsEst. coal revenue · USDBasis / availability
River View Mine1519374 · Union, Kentucky8,999,873———County sales or price not published2 eligible mines / 2 sales respondents
Method, assumptions and source records
  1. This is an annual county-sales allocation, not reported mine or company revenue. Currency is nominal USD in the source year; quantities are short tons.
  2. Mine share = same-year annual mine production / eligible same-county production. Estimated sales = published county sales × share. Estimated coal revenue = estimated sales × published county average FOB price.
  3. The model assumes eligible mines share county sales in proportion to production and receive the county-average price. Matching mine counts is a check, not proof of identical respondents. Mine quality, contracts and sales timing can differ substantially. No statistical confidence interval is implied.
  4. FOB excludes transport and insurance. EIA-923 delivered costs do not enter this model. No grade premium, state/national fallback, quarterly apportionment or carry-forward to a later year is applied.
  5. Eligibility follows the source's production threshold and excludes preparation-only and refuse operations. Withheld values, inconsistent county counts and missing/ambiguous locations produce no estimate.
  6. County sales are published in thousands of tons and prices to cents. Calculations retain precision, but the inputs are rounded and the allocation is approximate.
  7. Portfolio attribution uses current MSHA ownership, not ownership during the sales year. Covered-mine sums exclude unavailable estimates and must not be read as whole-company revenue. Coverage denominators use the annual EIA mine-production release.

Sales-reporting threshold: 50,000 short tons per mine in 2024. Withheld sales or prices stay unavailable.

EIA Table 30 · county sales and FOB prices · EIA annual mine production · Release index

Annual report released November 19, 2025. Method: county-sales-allocation-v1. JSON and CSV preserve source row numbers and file checksums.

OWNERSHIP

Operator and controller history

Current ownership comes from MSHA Mines. Historical start and end dates come from MSHA Controller and Operator History.

CURRENT HIERARCHYAlliance Resource Partners LP → RIVER VIEW COAL LLC → RIVER VIEW MINE
HISTORY RECORDS13 relationships
INTERVAL CHECKPASScontroller/operator overlap
—

Alliance Resource Partners LPcontrolsRiver View Coal LLCoperatesRIVER VIEW MINE

msha-controller-operator-history · controller/operator co-tenure derived on mine 1519374
Other historical summaries · source-specific periods

RECORD SUMMARY

Production, safety and enforcement

These summaries use the periods stated on each card, independently of the reporting period above.

01 / SAFETYwatch

Accidents and injuries

820 historical accident/injury rows; 2 coded fatalities and 20,365 lost days across the published record.

ACCIDENT + INJURY RECORD372 since 2021
accidentsmine-production-quarterly
02 / COMPLIANCEwatch

Violations and penalties

9,181 violation rows across the full record; 1,864 carry an S&S flag and $3,459,436 appears in current assessed amounts.

ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITY3,707 since 2021
inspectionsviolationsassessed-violationsorders-107a
03 / HEALTHwatch

Occupational health samples

62,012 coal dust; 3,545 coal quartz; 2,255 noise. 0 personal-sample rows have a published C/E ratio above 1; 479 noise rows have an action-level or PEL dose above 100%. These are separate measures, not a silica exceedance count. Silica results and sample status are shown separately.

OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE68K samples
coal-dust-samplesquartz-samplesnoise-samples
04 / PRODUCTIONcontext

Quarterly production and employment

193K employee hours and 315 summed average employees across reported subunits in the latest published quarter.

2026-Q2810K tons
mine-production-quarterlymine-production-yearly
05 / LEGALwatch

Contests, conferences and decisions

2,016 contested-violation rows, 2,031 civil-penalty docket/decision rows, and 510 conference records linked by issuance number.

POST-ISSUANCE LIFECYCLE4,557 linked rows
conferencescontested-violationscivil-penalty-dockets-decisions
06 / CONTRACTORScontext

Contractors

Contractors are linked through this mine’s violation or accident records. Their production and hours cover all their operations, so they are not included in this mine’s totals.

ENTITY-LEVEL CONTEXT20 linked entities
contractor-production-quarterlycontractor-production-yearlyaccidentsviolations
07 / INSPECTIONScontext

Inspections

432 inspection events and 147K published inspection hours across the historical record.

OVERSIGHT COVERAGE261 since 2021
inspectionsviolations

HEALTH SAMPLING

Silica and quartz

Matching records8888 coal · 0 personal · 0 area
Sample status88 not voided0 voided · 0 status not reported
Mean coal quartz concentration6.27 µg/m³88 eligible measurements · 0 missing concentration
2026 · Jan 6, 2026–Sep 15, 2026
Date / sampleDataset / analyteOccupation / areaMeasurementSample statusPublished action
58547877 / lab 2026038535Coal quartzQuartzOCCUPATION CODE NOT FOUNDDESIGNATED AREA12 µg/m³1.1% quartzNot voidedNot reported
58547921 / lab 2026038536Coal quartzQuartzOCCUPATION CODE NOT FOUNDDESIGNATED AREA2 µg/m³0.3% quartzNot voidedNot reported
58547867 / lab 2026038534Coal quartzQuartzOCCUPATION CODE NOT FOUNDDESIGNATED AREA14 µg/m³1.4% quartzNot voidedNot reported
58547929 / lab 2026038533Coal quartzQuartzOCCUPATION CODE NOT FOUNDDESIGNATED AREA2 µg/m³0.5% quartzNot voidedNot reported
58548005 / lab 2026036116Coal quartzQuartzOCCUPATION CODE NOT FOUNDDESIGNATED AREA2 µg/m³0.6% quartzNot voidedNot reported
58547993 / lab 2026036117Coal quartzQuartzOCCUPATION CODE NOT FOUNDDESIGNATED AREA0 µg/m³—% quartzNot voidedNot reported
58547983 / lab 2026036119Coal quartzQuartzOCCUPATION CODE NOT FOUNDDESIGNATED AREA1 µg/m³0.3% quartzNot voidedNot reported
58547981 / lab 2026036118Coal quartzQuartzOCCUPATION CODE NOT FOUNDDESIGNATED AREA4 µg/m³0.9% quartzNot voidedNot reported
58547927 / lab 2026036115Coal quartzQuartzOCCUPATION CODE NOT FOUNDDESIGNATED AREA0 µg/m³—% quartzNot voidedNot reported
58547839 / lab 2026031596Coal quartzQuartzCONTINUOUS MINER OPERATORDESIGNATED OCCUPATION10 µg/m³1.4% quartzNot voidedNot reported
58547525 / lab 2026031595Coal quartzQuartzROOF BOLTER (TWIN HEAD) (RETURN SIDE)NON DESIGNATED OCCUPATION26 µg/m³2.6% quartzNot voidedNot reported
58547550 / lab 2026031594Coal quartzQuartzSHUTTLE CAR OPERATOR (STANDARD SIDE)NON DESIGNATED OCCUPATION1 µg/m³0.3% quartzNot voidedNot reported
58547841 / lab 2026031590Coal quartzQuartzSHUTTLE CAR OPERATOR (STANDARD SIDE)NON DESIGNATED OCCUPATION1 µg/m³0.2% quartzNot voidedNot reported
58547845 / lab 2026031068Coal quartzQuartzSHUTTLE CAR OPERATOR (STANDARD SIDE)NON DESIGNATED OCCUPATION1 µg/m³0.2% quartzNot voidedNot reported
58547844 / lab 2026031069Coal quartzQuartzSHUTTLE CAR OPERATOR (STANDARD SIDE)NON DESIGNATED OCCUPATION0 µg/m³—% quartzNot voidedNot reported
58547770 / lab 2026031070Coal quartzQuartzCONTINUOUS MINER OPERATORDESIGNATED OCCUPATION0 µg/m³—% quartzNot voidedNot reported
58547523 / lab 2026031071Coal quartzQuartzROOF BOLTER (TWIN HEAD) (RETURN SIDE)NON DESIGNATED OCCUPATION15 µg/m³2.1% quartzNot voidedNot reported
58547618 / lab 2026029781Coal quartzQuartzSHUTTLE CAR OPERATOR (STANDARD SIDE)NON DESIGNATED OCCUPATION6 µg/m³0.8% quartzNot voidedNot reported
58547793 / lab 2026029783Coal quartzQuartzROOF BOLTER (TWIN HEAD) (RETURN SIDE)NON DESIGNATED OCCUPATION14 µg/m³1.7% quartzNot voidedNot reported
58547788 / lab 2026029785Coal quartzQuartzSHUTTLE CAR OPERATOR (STANDARD SIDE)NON DESIGNATED OCCUPATION3 µg/m³0.6% quartzNot voidedNot reported
Sources and interpretation
  • Coal means use numeric concentrations from samples marked not voided, excluding control/invalid sample types and dates after the snapshot. Missing values remain null; reported zeroes remain zero.
  • Quarterly means describe available samples, not mine-wide or worker-average exposure. Quarters with no eligible measurements remain empty; the current quarter is partial.
  • Personal C/E is MSHA's published concentration-to-limit ratio. A value above 1 is not by itself a citation or a determination under the 2024 silica rule. Personal and area files do not publish a void-status field.
  • Area records include bulk-dust analyses and are kept separate from personal exposure results. Their concentration units are not specified in the source dictionary.
  • Missing samples do not establish safe conditions. Coal quartz percentage and concentration are separate measures. No compliance threshold is inferred for coal samples.

Coal quartz field definitions ↗Metal/nonmetal personal field definitions ↗Metal/nonmetal area field definitions ↗

EIA + TITLE 30

EIA production and cited regulations

EIA annual figures are reported separately from MSHA. Regulation links use the current eCFR snapshot.

EIA MINE CONTEXT2024 record
ANNUAL COAL PRODUCTION8,999,873short tons
LABOR HOURS
1,865,049
AVG EMPLOYEES
782
SUPPLY REGION
Illinois Basin
UNION
No union code published
OPERATION
Mine only
COMPANY TYPE
Operating Subsidiary

1 published EIA row aggregated under this MSHA ID. Components remain available in JSON.

TITLE 30 CROSSWALKCurrent through 2026-08-19

RECENT PUBLIC RECORDS

Recent violations and samples

Latest records retained for inspection; aggregates above use the full source history.

VIOLATIONS12 latest shown
504432275.1107-4(c)Citation
504432175.517S&S
504432075.342(a)(4)S&S
504431975.342(a)(4)Citation
976083775.202(a)Citation
976083675.220(a)(1)Citation
504431775.512Citation
504463475.604(b)S&S
OTHER HEALTH SAMPLES8 latest shown

Coal dust, noise and other contaminants. Silica records above ↑

Coal dustCONTINUOUS MINER OPERATOR
.988 mg/m³Not voided
Coal dustOCCUPATION CODE NOT FOUND
.834 mg/m³Voided
Coal dustCONTINUOUS MINER OPERATOR
.631 mg/m³Not voided
Coal dustCONTINUOUS MINER OPERATOR
1.068 mg/m³Not voided
Coal dustCONTINUOUS MINER OPERATOR
.529 mg/m³Not voided
Coal dustCONTINUOUS MINER OPERATOR
.816 mg/m³Not voided
Coal dustCONTINUOUS MINER OPERATOR
1.047 mg/m³Not voided
Coal dustOCCUPATION CODE NOT FOUND
.753 mg/m³Not voided

SOURCE COVERAGE

Reporting dates and coverage

17 datasets contain linked records. Missing datasets are listed below.

DATASETROWSWINDOWSTATUS
Accident, Injuries, and Illnessessafety · contractors820Nov 23, 2009—Sep 9, 2026mine-keyed
Addresses of Recordidentity · logistics1Aug 17, 2009—Aug 17, 2009mine-keyed
Assessed Violationscompliance · legal9,089Feb 17, 2009—Aug 12, 2026mine-keyed
Civil Penalty Dockets and Decisionscompliance · legal2,031Mar 28, 2011—Aug 13, 2026mine-keyed
Coal Dust Sampleshealth · safety62,012Jul 15, 2000—Oct 7, 2026mine-keyed
Conferencescompliance · legal510May 12, 2010—Jul 16, 2026mine-keyed
Contested Violationscompliance · legal2,016Sep 17, 2009—Aug 6, 2026mine-keyed
Contractor Employment and Production — Quarterlycontractors · production · safety4,589Not published—Not publishedentity-linked
Contractor Employment and Production — Yearlycontractors · production · safety1,079Not published—Not publishedentity-linked
Controller and Operator Historyidentity · compliance1Mar 18, 2009—Mar 18, 2009mine-keyed
Mine Employment and Production — Quarterlyproduction · safety · compliance210Not published—Not publishedmine-keyed
Mine Employment and Production — Yearlyproduction · safety · compliance54Not published—Not publishedmine-keyed
Inspectionssafety · compliance432Jan 29, 2009—Oct 1, 2026mine-keyed
Minesidentity · production · logistics1Not published—Not publishedmine-keyed
Metal and Nonmetal Area Sampleshealth · safety—No published rowsabsent / not applicable
Metal and Nonmetal Personal Health Sampleshealth · safety—No published rowsabsent / not applicable
Noise Sampleshealth · safety · equipment2,255Oct 14, 2009—Sep 9, 2026mine-keyed
Quartz Samples — Coalhealth · safety3,545Oct 22, 2009—Sep 15, 2026mine-keyed
Violationscompliance · safety · legal9,181Feb 17, 2009—Oct 8, 2026mine-keyed
107(a) Orders Issuedsafety · compliance—No published rowsabsent / not applicable

NOTES

Limitations

  • Contractor production is entity-level and is never represented as mine-attributable.
  • Missing rows can mean no event, publication delay, identity mismatch, or inapplicability.