# Relationship history for MSHA mine 3101416

Current hierarchy: **Covia Holdings LLC → Unimin Corporation → Plant 2**

- Valid-time bounds: inclusive, date granularity
- Null end: open-ended in the upstream history row; not independent proof of present control
- Transaction-time observation: 2026-10-17T05:35:58.500035+00:00

## Valid-time edges

- **operator_operates_mine:** International Minerals & Chemical Corp → Plant 2; 1950-01-01 to 1986-10-31; source msha-controller-operator-history
- **controller_controls_mine:** IMC Global Inc → Plant 2; 1950-01-01 to current/open; source msha-controller-operator-history
- **controller_controls_operator:** IMC Global Inc → International Minerals & Chemical Corp; 1950-01-01 to 1986-10-31; source msha-controller-operator-history
- **controller_controls_mine:** S C R-Sibelco Nv et al → Plant 2; 1950-01-01 to 2020-12-31; source msha-controller-operator-history
- **operator_operates_mine:** Applied Industrial Materials Corp (Aimcor) → Plant 2; 1986-11-01 to 1994-05-01; source msha-controller-operator-history
- **controller_controls_mine:** Charles  Gallagher et al → Plant 2; 1986-11-01 to current/open; source msha-controller-operator-history
- **controller_controls_operator:** Charles  Gallagher et al → Applied Industrial Materials Corp (Aimcor); 1986-11-01 to 1994-05-01; source msha-controller-operator-history
- **operator_operates_mine:** Unimin Corporation → Plant 2; 1994-05-02 to current/open; source msha-controller-operator-history
- **controller_controls_operator:** S C R-Sibelco Nv et al → Unimin Corporation; 1994-05-02 to 2020-12-31; source msha-controller-operator-history
- **controller_controls_mine:** Covia Holdings LLC → Plant 2; 2021-01-01 to current/open; source msha-controller-operator-history
- **controller_controls_operator:** Covia Holdings LLC → Unimin Corporation; 2021-01-01 to current/open; source msha-controller-operator-history