# Relationship history for MSHA mine 1401312

Current hierarchy: **Robert S  Rudd → R A Ruud & Son Inc → R A RUUD & SON PIT #2**

- Valid-time bounds: inclusive, date granularity
- Null end: open-ended in the upstream history row; not independent proof of present control
- Transaction-time observation: 2026-10-13T11:19:05.459773+00:00

## Valid-time edges

- **controller_controls_mine:** Robert S  Rudd → R A RUUD & SON PIT #2; 1950-01-01 to current/open; source msha-controller-operator-history
- **operator_operates_mine:** R A Ruud & Son Inc → R A RUUD & SON PIT #2; 1979-01-01 to current/open; source msha-controller-operator-history
- **controller_controls_operator:** Robert S  Rudd → R A Ruud & Son Inc; 1979-01-01 to current/open; source msha-controller-operator-history